Journal of Applied Materials and Technology

Development, microstructural characterization, and photocatalytic evaluation of TiO2-modified rendering mortars

2026-07-08T10:00:16+07:00

The growing demand for sustainable construction materials has spurred research into cement-based composites that can contribute to environmental remediation. In this context, photocatalytic materials containing titanium dioxide (TiO?) have attracted considerable attention due to their ability to degrade organic pollutants under ultraviolet radiation. This study aimed to develop and evaluate TiO?-modified rendering mortars with enhanced photocatalytic performance for potential application in building facades and surface coatings. Mortar mixtures were produced with 0%, 2%, 6%, and 10% TiO?, expressed as a percentage of cement mass. The materials were characterized through ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Photocatalytic activity was assessed using methylene blue degradation tests under UV irradiation. The results demonstrated that TiO? incorporation influenced the methylene blue removal behavior of the mortars under UV irradiation. Among the TiO?-modified formulations, the mortar containing 10 wt.% TiO? exhibited the highest overall removal efficiency. Because no adsorption–desorption equilibrium was established before irradiation, the measured dye removal represents the combined effects of adsorption and photocatalytic degradation. Microstructural analyses confirmed the presence and distribution of TiO? particles within the cementitious matrix and indicated changes associated with increasing nanoparticle content. Although higher TiO? additions enhanced photocatalytic performance, they also reduced the workability of the fresh mortars. Overall, the findings demonstrate the potential of TiO?-modified rendering mortars as multifunctional construction materials capable of combining conventional protective functions with photocatalytic properties for environmental remediation applications.

Synergic effect of oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers and zinc borate on spark suppression in automotive brake pad composite materials

2026-07-10T08:13:44+07:00

The mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of composite friction material are key parameters influencing both the direct performance of automotive brake systems and secondary phenomena, such as spark and flame generation during braking. These properties are strongly affected by the composition and interaction of the raw materials used in the formulation. In this study, a novel friction material for automotive brake pads was developed with the aim of improving tribological and physical performance while reducing spark and flame generation. Oxidized polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber was incorporated into a reference formulation at volume ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 relative to the aramid fiber conventionally used. In addition, zinc borate was introduced at 5, 10, and 15 vol%, replacing part of the conventional filler content. A hybrid formulation containing both PAN fiber and zinc borate was also evaluated to investigate possible synergistic effects. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Gogan hardness, specific gravity, cold and hot compressibility, and thermal conductivity tests. Spark and flame generation tests were also performed under simulated braking conditions. The results showed that the incorporation of PAN fiber reduced material stiffness, whereas zinc borate increased it; their combined use resulted in a more balanced mechanical response. Compressibility and porosity were also affected by the additives, with noticeable variations among the formulations. Internal shear strength was significantly influenced, with one hybrid formulation showing a marked increase. In particular, the hybrid formulation exhibited a balanced performance, with reduced spark generation, indicating its potential for automotive brake pad applications.

A review of sensor-based cutting force measurement in machining: from microcontroller systems to smart manufacturing

2026-05-08T07:46:41+07:00

Cutting force is a key indicator that reflects the mechanical interaction between the cutting tool and the workpiece during machining. It directly influences energy consumption, tool wear, process stability, and machined surface quality. As modern manufacturing increasingly demands efficient, flexible, and sustainable production systems, the development of adaptive, real-time, and cost-effective cutting force measurement technologies has become essential. Previous review studies have primarily focused on cutting force modelling and commercial dynamometer systems, while limited attention has been given to the integration of low-cost sensors, microcontrollers, Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, and smart manufacturing applications. This review aims to evaluate recent developments in sensor- and microcontroller-based cutting force measurement systems and their potential integration within Industry 4.0 environments. The review synthesizes more than 230 references, primarily published between 2020 and 2026, together with selected earlier studies that provide important theoretical and technological foundations. Four main aspects are discussed: (1) theoretical foundations of cutting force, (2) sensor technologies and measurement system architectures, (3) modelling and data analysis methods, and (4) challenges and future development trends. The findings indicate that load cell and strain gauge sensors provide economical and practical solutions for long-term monitoring, whereas piezoelectric sensors remain the preferred option for high-frequency dynamic measurements due to their superior sensitivity and bandwidth. Furthermore, the integration of microcontrollers, IoT connectivity, machine learning, and digital twin technologies is accelerating the development of intelligent machining systems for smart and sustainable manufacturing.

Sustainable fabrication of Ag2O-doped anatase TiO2 nanoparticles via green synthesis for enhanced photocatalysis.

2026-06-02T22:46:06+07:00

In response to the growing demand for sustainable technologies for wastewater treatment, this study reports the green synthesis of Ag?O-doped TiO? nanoparticles using Salix babylonica bark extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. Although several plant extracts have been explored for the green synthesis of photocatalysts, the use of Salix babylonica biomass for the simultaneous synthesis and Ag?O doping of TiO? nanoparticles remains scarcely investigated. The proposed synthesis route eliminates the need for hazardous chemicals and provides an environmentally friendly alternative for the production of photocatalytic materials. The synthesized samples, containing 0, 0.5, and 1 wt% Ag?O, were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The results confirmed the formation of predominantly anatase-phase TiO? and the successful incorporation of silver species without altering the crystalline structure of the oxide matrix. Ag incorporation promoted changes in the morphological and optical properties of TiO?, favoring improved charge separation and enhanced light utilization. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated through the degradation of methylene blue under irradiation. The Ag?O-doped samples exhibited superior performance compared with undoped TiO?, with the 1 wt% Ag?O sample showing the highest degradation efficiency. This improvement is attributed to the formation of Ag?O/TiO? heterojunctions, which facilitate electron–hole separation and increase the generation of reactive oxygen species responsible for pollutant degradation. Overall, the results demonstrate that the proposed green synthesis strategy is a simple, low-cost, and sustainable approach for producing efficient photocatalysts with potential application in environmental remediation and wastewater treatment.

Application of acidic treated peanut shell biochar in methyl orange removal from aqueous medium: elucidating isotherms, kinetics and proposed mechanism

2026-04-01T20:49:59+07:00

The urgent need for sustainable water treatment solutions has driven global scientific efforts toward developing novel materials. Biochar, a low-cost material produced from biomass waste, represents a promising and versatile adsorbent class. In this study, acid-treated peanut shell biochar (PS-BC) was synthesized and evaluated for the removal of the methyl orange (MO) dye from aqueous solution. Characterization via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the presence of carbonaceous groups, such as C=O, C-O, C=C and derived phosphoric groups, such as P=O. Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) revealed a mesoporous and macroporous structure, while X-ray Diffraction (XRD) indicated a predominantly amorphous material containing amorphous SiO₂ phases. The adsorption was followed by monitoring 464 nm band of MO in UV-Vis spectroscopy, and the adsorbent achieved a maximum removal of above 89% of MO within a 60-minute experiment. The adsorption kinetics were analysed in pseudo-first and pseudo-second models, which the adsorption was described better by the pseudo-first-order model. Also, adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin) were studied, and the equilibrium data closely fit the Langmuir isotherm model, pointing to monolayer adsorption onto a homogeneous surface. The FT-IR analysis of post-adsorbed PS-BC confirmed bands associated to MO, such as N=N, SO₃^- and change in aromatic C=C, indicating the possible adsorption pathways. These results confirm the successful application of the acid-treated PS-BC as an efficient and eco-friendly adsorbent for organic pollutant removal from water.

Graphene Oxide–TiO2 composite materials for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water treatment

2026-02-23T08:40:34+07:00

The increasing presence of recalcitrant organic pollutants in water bodies has driven the development of advanced treatment technologies capable of promoting effective degradation beyond conventional processes. In this study, a graphene oxide (GO)–titanium dioxide (TiO2) composite was synthesized via a chemical route and evaluated for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under UVC irradiation. Graphene oxide was produced by electrochemical exfoliation of graphite, followed by incorporation into TiO2 at 5 wt.% to form the TiO2:GO5 composite. Structural and morphological characterizations by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and FTIR confirmed the formation of anatase-phase TiO2 and successful integration of GO without secondary phase formation. Photocatalytic performance was assessed by monitoring dye concentration decay over 5 h of irradiation. The TiO2:GO5 composite achieved more than 70% methylene blue removal, reaching a final C/C0 value of 0.28, compared to 0.29 for pure TiO? under identical conditions. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with apparent rate constants of 2.302 × 10-¹ h-¹ for the composite and 2.241 × 10-¹ h-¹ for pure TiO2, corresponding to a 2.7% increase in reaction rate. Enhanced initial adsorption and slightly faster absorbance decay were observed for the composite throughout the irradiation period. Although the performance enhancement is moderate, the incorporation of graphene oxide improved charge separation and adsorption behavior without requiring high-temperature calcination. These findings demonstrate that GO modification represents a viable strategy to enhance TiO2 photocatalytic activity under energy-efficient synthesis conditions, highlighting its potential application in advanced water and wastewater treatment systems.

Quantum accessory for solar panels: a sustainable solution to improve energy efficiency based on the circular economy

2026-02-06T19:47:17+07:00

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as promising spectral modifiers for photovoltaic devices due to their photoluminescent down-conversion properties. In parallel, silica-rich industrial residues represent an environmental liability but also a potential source of functional materials. This study investigated the valorization of SiO2-rich mining residue for the production of a sodium silicate matrix incorporating CQDs as a spectral conversion overlayer for solar panels. The treated residue successfully yielded sodium silicate, and CQDs were synthesized and integrated into the matrix. Photovoltaic testing demonstrated that panels coated with industrial-derived sodium silicate exhibited an initial efficiency increase of 8.91% compared to standard panels. However, coatings containing CQDs with the residue-derived sodium silicate showed reduced performance in early-stage testing, and all samples exhibited progressive opacity after six months, indicating limited long-term stability. These findings highlight both the potential and the challenges of integrating CQD-based spectral management with mining residue valorization. While the approach demonstrates feasibility in short-term performance enhancement, material stability remains a critical barrier for practical implementation.

Influence of borax addition on setting behavior and mechanical properties of Class F fly ash geopolymer concrete

2025-12-27T06:49:18+07:00

The role of borax as a setting-time modifier in Class F fly ash-based geopolymer concrete is not yet well understood. Particularly with respect to its effects on mechanical and fresh properties. This research investigates the influence of borax incorporation on the properties of geopolymer concrete. Class F fly ash from the Tanjung Jati B power plant was used. Borax was added at fly ash weights of about 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Tests were arranged to observe setting time, compressive strength, elastic modulus, and slump value to assess mechanical performance and workability. The results represent, borax effectively prolongs the initial and final setting times, with greater effectiveness in Class F fly ash (low CaO) than in Class C fly ash (high CaO). The addition of 5% borax resulted in a higher compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. However, higher borax dosages reduced mechanical properties by inhibiting geopolymerization. An increase in borax content reduced slump values, reflecting lower workability due to higher mixture viscosity. While borax can effectively regulate setting time in Class F fly ash–based geopolymer concrete, its dosage must be carefully optimized to prevent negative effects on strength and fresh concrete performance.

Finite Element-Based Validation of Infill Wall Material Model for Seismic Response Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frames

2025-11-28T21:02:25+07:00

Masonry infill walls are commonly used in reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings for both architectural and environmental reasons. Although many consider RC systems to be non-structural, their interaction with surrounding frames can have a significant impact on their lateral stiffness, strength, and seismic performance. This can lead to stiffness issues and soft-story failures during earthquakes. This study looks at the structural function of masonry infills. It compares the experimental load-displacement backbone curve of an infilled RC frame with numerical predictions from four well-known Equivalent Diagonal Strut (EDS) models: Holmes, Mainstone, Liau and Kwan, and Paulay and Priestley. We looked at how well the models performed for both serviceability (initial stiffness) and ultimate limit states (peak lateral strength). The findings demonstrate a definite trade-off in predictive accuracy. With a mean stiffness ratio of 1.38, the Mainstone model yielded the most accurate estimate of elastic stiffness. The Holmes and Liau and Kwan models, on the other hand, significantly overestimated stiffness (ratio = 1.92). All models were conservative (ratios < 1.0) for peak strength. Holmes and Liau and Kwan produced the closest predictions (ratio = 0.84), while Mainstone was the most conservative (ratio = 0.80). These results indicate that the best choice of EDS model depends on the design goal: Mainstone is better for serviceability assessments, while Holmes and Liau and Kwan provide more realistic predictions for ultimate lateral capacity.

Preparation and characterization of MoS2 thin films for thermoelectric applications using the PVD technique

2025-11-15T20:41:12+07:00

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) is a two-dimensional material with electronic and thermal properties that make it promising for thermoelectric applications. This research presents the results of synthesizing and characterizing MoS₂ thin films obtained by Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) on silicon dioxide (SiO₂) substrates. Three experimental approaches were explored to assess how changes in deposition conditions affect the material quality. In the first trial, films were formed from commercial MoS? powder in a sulfur-rich (S₂) atmosphere using a PVD tubular furnace. Next, water vapor (H₂O) was added to the process to observe possible improvements in material formation. Finally, silver doping was investigated, introduced during deposition to examine structural and vibrational changes in the MoS₂. The samples were characterized by Optical Microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), as well as Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), used to evaluate surface morphology and composition. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) was employed to identify the crystalline structure, while Raman Spectroscopy revealed the E₂g¹ and A₁g vibrational modes, associated with the crystallinity of the material. The results indicated that the presence of H2O during deposition favored the growth of more ordered films, with more intense peaks in XRD and Raman spectra. On the other hand, silver doping caused vibrational changes that suggest modifications in the electronic structure of MoS₂. These findings reinforce the material’s potential for use in thermoelectric devices and demonstrate that variations in synthesis conditions can significantly enhance its structural and functional properties.